Txoj Kev mus rau Kev Faib ntawm Ireland hauv Ob Lub Xeev
Cov keeb kwm ntawm Ireland yog ntev thiab nyuab - thiab ib qho ntawm cov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej yog ib qho teeb meem ntxiv. Namely cov creation ntawm ob cais lub xeev ntawm no me me kob. Raws li qhov kev tshwm sim thiab qhov teeb meem tam sim no tseem mus mystify neeg tuaj xyuas, cia peb sim piav qhia txog dab tsi tshwm sim.
Kev Txhim Kho ntawm Irish Internal Divisions mus txog rau 20th Century
Txhua yam teeb meem pib thaum Irish Vaj tau khav hauv kev ua tsov ua rog thiab Diarmaid Mac Murcha tau hu Anglo-Norman mercenaries mus tua rau lawv - nyob rau hauv 1170 Richard FitzGilbert, zoo dua li " Strongbow ", thawj teem ko taw ntawm Irish av.
Thiab nws nyiam yam nws pom, sib yuav Mac Murcha tus ntxhais Aoife thiab txiav txim siab tias nws yuav nyob zoo. Los ntawm ntiav tus vaj tsev ntawm lub vaj tsev, nws tau siv ob peb lub voj voog nrig nrog Strongbow rab ntaj. Puas tau txij li thaum Ireland no (ntau dua los yog tsawg dua) hauv kev tswj lus Askiv.
Thaum ib co Irish npaj lawv tus kheej nrog cov thawj coj tshiab thiab ua tua (feem ntau kuj yog) raws li lawv, lwm tus tau coj txoj kev tawm tsam. Thiab txawv haiv neeg txawv txav plooj plooj, nrog rau lus Askiv nyob hauv tsev tsis txaus siab tias qee cov neeg sib nrauj kuj ua "ntau Irish tshaj lub Irish".
Nyob rau hauv Tudor lub sijhawm Ireland thaum kawg tau los ua ib pawg neeg - Askiv thiab Scotland qhov ntau tshaj plaws nrog rau cov tub ntxhais hluas (tsis muaj tebchaws) raug xa mus rau " Plantations ", tsim kom muaj kev txiav txim tshiab. Nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev txiav txim siab - Henry VIII tau zoo siab heev nrog lub papacy thiab cov tshiab settlers coj Anglican pawg ntseeg nrog lawv, ua tsuas yog hu ua "protestants" los ntawm cov haiv neeg Catholics.
Ntawm no yog thawj zaug ua ke nrog cov kab hauv kev pib sectarian. Cov no tau sib xyaw nrog cov tuaj ntawm Scottish Presbyterians, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob hauv Ulster Plantations. Staunchly anti-Catholic, pro-Parliament thiab saib nrog mistrust los ntawm Anglican Ascendency lawv tsim ib haiv neeg thiab kev cai dab qhuas enclave.
Tsev Kev Cai - thiab Tus Loyalist Backlash
Tom qab ntau haiv neeg Irish txoj kev tawm tsam (ib txhia coj los ntawm Protestants xws li Wolfe Tone) thiab qhov kev sib tw rau txoj cai Catholic thiab ntxiv rau Irish tus kheej tswj, "Tsev Kev Cai" yog kev sib tw ntawm Irish haiv neeg hauv Victorian hnub nyoog.
Qhov no hu ua qhov kev xaiv tsa ntawm Irish lub rooj sib txoos, qhov no nyob rau hauv kev xaiv tsa ib qho Irish tsoom fwv thiab khiav Irish sab hauv cov hauj lwm hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub Koom Txoos British. Tom qab ob qho kev sim Cov Tsev Hais Plaub Txoj Cai tau ua tiag tiag xyoo 1914 - tab sis tau muab tso rau sab nraum qab hluav taws vim yog tsov rog nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe.
Tab sis txawm ua ntej qhov kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm Sarajevo tau raug rho tawm haujlwm, tsov rog-nruas raug ntaus nyob hauv Ireland - Pawg neeg Asmeskas tsawg, feem ntau yog nyob hauv Ulster, ntshai tsam tsis muaj hwj chim thiab kev tswj hwm. Lawv nyiam qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm txoj cai quo . Tus kws lijchoj Dublin yog Edward Carson thiab British Conservative politician Bonar Txoj Cai los ua ib lub suab tawm tsam Txoj Cai Kev Cai, hu ua rau kev qhia tawm thiab thaum lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj xyoo 1912 caw lawv cov neeg koom siab sib koom tes los kos npe rau "Solemn League and Covenant". Ze li ntawm ib nrab ntawm lab tus txiv neej thiab poj niam kos npe rau daim ntawv no, qee qhov ntawm lawv cov ntshav - cog lus tias yuav Ulster (tsawg kawg) ib feem ntawm lub tebchaws United Kingdom los ntawm txhua yam tsim nyog. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom qab 100,000 tus txiv neej sau npe nyob rau hauv lub Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), lub koom haum paramilitary nplooj siab tiv thaiv kev cai hauv Tsev.
Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub Irish Volunteers tau teem nyob rau hauv nationalistic voj voog - nrog lub hom phiaj tiv thaiv Tsev Kev Cai. 200,000 tus tswv cuab tau npaj rau kev nqis tes ua.
Rebellion, Tsov rog thiab lub Anglo-Irish Treaty
Chav nyob ntawm Irish Tuaj pab dawb tau koom nyob rau hauv Easter Rising ntawm 1916 , cov txheej xwm thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab ntawm uas tau tsim ib tug tshiab, radical thiab armed Irish nationalism. Lub Sinn Féin ntawm kev sib tw xyoo 1918 tau pib tsim tawm thawj thawj xyoo Dáil Éireann thaum Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1919. Kev ua tsov rog los ntawm Irish Republican Army (IRA) tau ua raws li, xaus rau hauv kev sib tw thiab thaum kawg qhov kev sib yeem ntawm Lub Xya Hli 1921.
Cov Tsev Hais Plaub tau ua, nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm Ulster txoj kev tsis kam, tau muab kho rau hauv ib qho kev pom zoo rau 6 feem coob Protestant Ulster cov nroog ( Antrim , Armagh , Down, Fermanagh , Derry / Londonderry thiab Tyrone ) thiab kev to-tau-txiav txim siab rau " Sab qab teb ". Qhov no tuaj lig 1921 thaum Anglo-Irish Treaty tsim Irish Dawb State rau lub nroog 26 lub nroog, uas tau txiav txim los ntawm Dáil Éireann.
Qhov tseeb, nws nyuab tshaj qhov ntawd txawm tias ... Cov Lus Cog Tseg, thaum los mus rau hauv kev tswjhwm, tau tsim Irish Dawb State ntawm 32 lub nroog, tag nrho cov kob. Tab sis muaj ib qho kev txiav txim siab tawm rau lub nroog 6 hauv Ulster. Thiab qhov no yog invoked, vim muaj qee qhov teeb meem timing, tsuas hnub tom qab lub Xeev Dawb tuaj rau hauv. Yog li rau ib hnub muaj ib lub tebchaws United Ireland zoo, tsuas yog faib ua ob los ntawm tagkis sawv ntxov. Raws li lawv tseem hais tias nrog Irish cov txheej txheem rau ib lub rooj sib tham, npe naj npawb ib yog lo lus nug "Thaum twg peb faib ua pawg?"
Li ntawd, Ireland tau muab faib - nrog rau daim ntawv cog lus ntawm cov haiv neeg cov neeg tau txais txiaj ntsig. Thiab thaum ib tus neeg ywj pheej feem coob lees txais qhov kev cog lus ua lub siab phem, cov neeg ua teb nyuaj heev pom nws ua kev muag khoom. Lub Irish Civil War ntawm IRA thiab cov Tub Rog Dawb Tsoom Fwv ua raws li, ua rau ntau cov ntshav, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov kev tua ntau tshaj qhov Easter Rising. Tsuas yog xyoo tom ntej no yog qhov kev sib cog lus kom muab rhuav tshem cov kauj ruam, ua kom tiav ntawm kev tshaj tawm ntawm ib qho "sovereign, independent democratic state" nyob rau xyoo 1937. Lub Koom Haum Tebchaws Ireland Act (1948) ua tiav kev tsim lub xeev tshiab.
Tus "North" Los ntawm Stormont
Xyoo 1918 kev xaiv tsa hauv tebchaws United Kingdom tsis tsuas yog vam meej rau Sinn Féin - Cov Saib Xyuas tau cog lus ruaj khov hauv Lloyd George tias 6 lub nroog Ulster tsis raug yuam cai hauv Tsev Kev Cai. Tiam sis kev pom zoo ntawm 1919 tuaj yeem tawm tswv yim rau parliament (tag nrho cuaj lub nroog) Ulster thiab lwm rau lub tebchaws Ireland, ob leeg ua haujlwm ua ke. Cavan , Donegal thiab Monaghan tau raug tshem tawm ntawm Parliament Parliament Ulster ... lawv raug pom los cuam tshuam rau Unionist pov ntawv tawm suab. Qhov no nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tsim lub muab faib raws li nws mus txog hnub no.
Xyoo 1920, Tsoom Fwv Tswj Kev Cai tau tso cai, dhau los ntawm Tsib Hlis Ntuj 1921 qhov kev xaiv tsa thawj zaug nyob hauv Northern Ireland thiab Unionist feem coob tau tsim tsa los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov laus. Raws li kev cia siab rau Northern Irish Parliament (zaum hauv Presbyterian Assembly College mus txog thaum tsiv mus rau Grandiose Stormond Castle hauv 1932) tsis kam txais qhov kev koom nrog Irish Dawb State.
Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Irish Partition rau Tourists
Whereas mus txog ob peb xyoos dhau los hla kev los ntawm cov koom pheej mus rau Sab qaum teb yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo tshawb thiab nug cov lus nug, ciam hnub no yog tsis pom. Nws kuj yog tsis muaj kev tswj hwm, vim tias tsis muaj tej lub checkpoints los yog tej cim xij!
Txawm li cas los xij, tseem muaj qee qhov kev cuam tshuam, rau cov neeg ncig teb chaw thiab cov tshev-chaw tshev yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Thiab nrog cov specter ntawm Brexit, lub UK ntsoos ntsoos los ntawm EU, looming, tej zaum yuav tau nyuab tshaj qhov no:
- Northern Ireland tseem yog ib feem ntawm lub tebchaws United Kingdom, lub tebchaws yog txawv tebchaws - qhov no txhais tau hais tias koj yuav tsum kuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv nkag tebchaws ntawm Irish thiab Irish thiab kev cai vixaj ua ntej hla ciam teb.
- Muaj ob qho txiaj ntsig hauv tebchaws Ireland - thaum lub tebchaws siv cov Euro, Northern Ireland tuav cov Pound Sterling.
- Thaum tsav tsheb hauv Ireland koj yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias txoj kev pom kev txawv - qhov tshwj xeeb yog qhov ceev thiab ncua kev tuaj yeem tawm hauv mais hauv North, nyob rau hauv cov tebchaws.
- Tshawb xyuas nrog koj lub tuam txhab koj qev los txawm tias koj tau los hla ciam teb - qee zaus txwv.
- Txawm tias Northern Ireland yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj qhov chaw phom sij , qhov teeb meem kev ruaj ntseg kuj yuav hu tau rau cov kev tsis txaus siab txij li ib ntus mus - sij hawm khiav tsheb mus tshaj plaws.
- Cov nqi yuav txawv qoob qis ntawm Northern Ireland thiab lub tebchaws - roj yog feem ntau kim kim nyob rau qaum teb thaum khoom noj yuav pheej yig dua.